Letter for the editor of Wall Street Journal Essay

Letter for the editor of Wall Street Journal - Essay Example economy did not fall, but reflected 0.0 percent in growth in the first quarter. Other firms, especially JP Morgan agree that the economy fell by a minor 0.2 percent rate, raising questions concerning the validity of quarterly estimates (Mitchell). As it is the case with all reports about the economy, the government announces employment, retail sales, and GDP estimates early, whose data is incomplete. When other data is introduced, the government should adopt the revised values. For GDP, the government should present first estimates then make two revisions for every quarter. The first GDP reading presented for the first three months of 2015 indicated a growth of 0.2 percent. The second reading indicated -0.7 percent growth. This is because it emphasized on data that incorporated a rise in trade deficit, which prevailed at the end of first quarter (Mitchell). Thus, based on these projections, I propose that the first quarter is not horrifying as economists anticipated. This is because the economy is showing signs of growth, particularly because of the growing income, which is fostering consumer spending in diverse industries across the country. Mitchell, Josh. Reports of the U.S. Economy’s Contraction Have Been Greatly Exaggerated. Wall Street Journal. 11 Jun. 2015, web. 12 Jun. 2015.

Mobile Phones Essay Example for Free

Mobile Phones Essay Mobile phones have had such a large impact in our modern twenty-first century societies, that they have become part and parcel of our daily lives. Nowadays, it has become the norm in our towns and villages to see people who are busy tapping on their cell phones. Mobile phones have changed the way people communicate. These devices are carried anywhere people go because they are light and easy to carry around, such that everyone is constantly in touch with others. This is very different from when home and work telephones were the only means of communication. Nowadays, people can call each other using their mobile phones wherever they are as long as there is reception, regardless of the country they are in. This can be life-saving when emergency calls are needed, while also very useful to communicate with work colleagues, family and friends. Furthermore, mobile phones have also given birth to text messages, which are found to be more convenient than phone calls, because they can be answered at the receiver’s convenience without being disturbed. Read more:Â  Essay on Use of Mobile Phones by Students Smart phones are the latest kind of mobile devices, which have been available for only a couple of years. These phones continue to enhance our communication, mainly by using the internet for third party services, such as chatting and social networking sites. Moreover, these phones can be used for a multitude of other things, such that they are able to have the function of a computer, a music player, a camera, a video camera, a gaming console and a diary, among other uses. Mobile phones have also been of a disadvantage to their users. People in modern societies are often found to be addicted to their cell phones. They check if they have any new message over and over again, even when they are out with their friends or when they are on a date. Firstly, this obsession shows lack of manners because mobile phones are given more importance than the person in front of them. Secondly, this lack of priorities can often be dangerous, for example while driving. The latest smart phones could be very expensive. Even though there are a variety of affordable cell phones and smart phones, some people, most often youths, spend hundreds of Euros every year to buy the latest smart phone, although having only a small improvement over the previous one. Generally, this is a result of persuasive and costly advertising made by giant manufacturers. Furthermore, this has also been a common subject for bullying in schools. Mobile phones have obviously made people’s work and personal life much easier. As long as these are used with caution and moderation, cell phones do not have any particular negative impact on people’s lifestyle and health.

Interest of Stakeholders and Copyright Law

Interest of Stakeholders and Copyright Law Introduction Copyright law has been developed into major issue when it comes to the interest between the stakeholders as the technologies today are evolving in decent speed. Copying an intellectual property without the authorisation of the owner is an infringement under the law of United Kingdom and European Union. Under European copyright law, art.2 of Directive 2001/29/EC stated that authors, producers and performers will possess the exclusive right for the reproduction of their own works.[1] However, when it comes to private copying, there is an exception under the directive with certain conditions. This could be said as the balance of the interest between the copyright owner and user of the products. A private copy is defined as any copy for non-commercial purposes neither directly or indirectly by a natural person for personal use.[2] The private copy exception is provided in the art.5(2)b of the DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC, where Member States may provide for exceptions or limitations to the reproductions on any medium made by a natural person for private use and for ends that are neither directly nor indirectly commercial, the right holders receive fair compensation which takes account of the application or non-application of technological measures referred to in Article 6 to the work or subject-matter concerned; [3] The would permit someone to format shift (i.e. shift content from one format to another); or space-shift (i.e. move content to different personal devices or media); and back-up copies that they have acquired.[4] As a mechanism for fair compensation, 22 out of 27 European Union members have chosen to meet the requirement through a levy system[5] The fair compensation or the levy system of private copying mainly to compensate the copyright owner for the potential harms to their works due to private copying.[6] In Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores de Espana (SGAE), the court held that held that fair compensation is an autonomous concept of EU law which had to be interpreted uniformly in all the Member States that had introduced a private copying exception: although it is open to the Member States, pursuant to Article 5(2)(b) of Directive 2001/29, to introduce a private copying exception to the authors exclusive reproduction right laid down in European Union law, those Member States which make use of that option must provide for the payment of fair compensation to authors affected by the application of that exception. An interpretation according to which Member States which have introduced an identical exception of that kind, provided for by European Union law and including, as set out in recitals 35 and 38 in the preamble thereto the concept of fair compensation as an essential element, are free to determine the limits in an inconsistent and un-harmonised manner which may vary from one Member State to another, would be incompatible with the objective of that directive[7] The exception had to satisfy a three-step-test provided in art.5 of the Directive (also in Art.9.2 of the Berne Convention, Art.10 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty and Art.13 of the TRIPS Agreement).[8] The exception can only be applied in certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work or other subject-matter and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.[9] Legislators of Member States must take into account the criteria provided in the test when implementing the exception to the copyright in national legislation.[10] There are still uncertainties in the scope of this exception. When it comes to the second step of the test, the phrase normal exploitation remain as a broad and unclear concept. [11] To prevent most of the infringement of exploitation, the definition of the phrase need to be interpreted in clear and restrictive approach to limit certain range of exploitation of works. reference is often made to the WTO Panels report, in which the criterion of normal exploitation was deemed to involve consideration of the forms of exploitation that currently generate an income for the author as well as those which will be probably important in the future.[12] , it could impose a status quo and prevent any extension of exceptions to new situations unforeseen by the letter of the text, but which could derive from its spirit. On the other hand, reference to future exploitations runs the risk of paralyzing exceptions every time a technical evolution allows to control previously uncontrollable uses, and thus creates new possibilities for exploitation.[13] As concerns the control by right holders of the uses of their works through technical measures, this could even lead, in the long run, to the disappearance of limitations in the digital environment.[14] , a conflict with the normal exploitation can only occur if the author is deprived of a current or potential market of considerable economic and practical importance.[15] One of the issue regarding this point is that art.5(2)(b) didnt expressly state that whether the private copy exception only refer to copies from lawful sources, or involving the copies from illegal sources. Due to this uncertain area, the exception does not actual provide the copyright holders to authorise or prohibit the users from making a private copy. Nonetheless, the uncertainty could not be leading to the meaning of that the provision could demand the copyright holders to tolerate with the infringement of rights within private copy. This issue occurs in Netherland, where the Government of Netherland stated that the source of copy is irrelevant despite it is unlawful. The reason provided by the Government is that mere downloading is not a form of reproducing or making available. However, the Government held that the damages caused by illegal downloading to the copyright holder will be compensated by blank levies. The Government confirmed that only the act of uploading the unlawful content would be considered as an act of infringement, instead of mere downloading the work. The blank levies provided for illegal downloading could seen as protecting the interest of copyright holders as it would be practically impossible to enforce copyrights within the private copy area.[16] However, the legality of the sources of reproduction is matter to private copy exception. Court of Justice of European Union(CJEU) in the case of ACI Adam BV v Stichting de Thuiskopie [17]mentioned that Member States should not permitting private copy exception for any reproductions from unlawful sources as it could lead to negative impact on the functioning of the internal market[18]. In fact, tolerate to the unlawful distribution of illegal works would only legalize the act of infringement and will not minimising the act of illegal downloading. Thus, the CJEU said, art.5(2)(b) seek to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market and ensuring proper support for the dissemination of cultural works.[19] Why illegal downloading from unlawful sources shall not be legalised? First, legalising the act of illegal downloading would promote piracy, which would reduce the sales of the works from lawful sources and contravene the normal exploitation of works. Allowing illegal downloading would put the copyright holders in a position where they have to unreasonably tolerate the act of infringements, and this is clearly discriminating their legitimate interests.[20] To clearly distinguish copying from unlawful sources from private copy exception, the national legislators could achieve it by implementing a condition into the law that prohibit the acts of reproduction from the source that is obviously unlawful. [21] This approach has been taken by certain Member States to clarify the downloading act from unlawful sources not to be recognised as private copy. The German legislator expressly did in his first implementation act of the Directive (s.53(1) of the law of September 13, 2003, also called the first basket). Spain adopted a similar solution in the law of July 7, 2006, stating in Art.31.2 that the reproduction must be made from a legally accessed source to qualify as private copy. [22] Still today, it remains uncertain whether private copying is a mere defence or is actually enforceable against undue restrictions[23]. In fact, even where private copying is statutorily permitted, right holders may foreclose its exercise by relying upon technological protection measures or through licensing terms. To develop this interesting thesis more in detail, as the perspective adopted is mainly an EU one, it would have been interesting to include a discussion on the history behind the drafting of art.5 of the InfoSoc Directive (this is the relevant provision on copyright exceptions and limitations, including private copying).[24] However, the problem with the three-step test is probably to be found elsewhere: in the Directive of 2001. There, the test seems to be addressed not only to the national legislature but also to national judges.36 This gives it a broader scope than in the international conventions.37 Judges may be required to examine whether the application of a limitation in a specific case respects the conditions of Art.5.5. National courts in Europe have already analysed the application of national limitations to copyright in the light of the three-step test.38 Indeed, it is difficult to dispute judicial reliance on the test where it has been implemented in national law.39 The danger of such an approach is obvious: the private copy is at risk of being challenged by judges. Its scope risks dramatic reduction. The decision of February 28, 2006 of the French Supreme Court delivers an outstanding example.40 In this much commentated decision, the Supreme Court applied for the first time Art.5.5 of the directive in order to overcome the application of an exception in favour of a technical protection measure, arguing abstractly and generally that the private copy of a DVD conflicts with the normal exploitation of the work, without providing a definition of this term at any time.41 To avoid such misuse of the test, some guidelines *E.I.P.R. 128 for the judges of how to interpret the test in a more balanced way should urgently be worked out. The Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and the Queen Mary University of London jointly put in place a working group of European scholars that are currently working on this issue.42 Private Copy Exception in United Kingdom Copyright law in the United Kingdom has been evolving in recent years and the changes started to get significant since the Gowers Review of 2006 and the Hargreaves Review of 2011, gathering pace with the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013.[25] The report in Hargreaves Review of intellectual property and the digital market in May 2011, recommend that the UK should implement the exception to ensure that the law kept up with digital copyright use.[26] For the first time, the UK legislator had implement the private copy exception into the national law. The exception was introduced by s.28B of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act(CDPA) of 1988. This section of CDPA was enforced on October 1, 2014.[27] The new act implemented only allow copy from lawful sources for private purpose of individual concerned only. This exception does not include the passing of copy to family and friends which was allowed in the Directive. Such an exception would permit people legally to copy any work that they had access to and it would be easy to obtain copies of works without paying for them.[28] As to the narrower implementation, the Government stated that such implementation would cause no more than minimal or zero harm to the copyright holders. Based on this condition, there were no compensation provided for copyright holders in S.28B CDPA by the UK Government.[29] Problem with S.28B of CDPA The exception provided by the Directive allow the passing of copies to family or friend but the exception implemented in UK legislation prohibited such act. Professor Hargreaves suggested the Government should introduce an exception to allow individuals to make copies for their own use and that of their immediate family on different media. Importantly, Professor Hargreaves thought that the question of compensation was wrapped up in the copyright holders freedom to choose an appropriate price: Rights-holders will be free to pursue whatever compensation the market will provide by taking account of consumers freedom to act in this way and by setting prices accordingly.[30] The biggest issue in the S.28B of CDPA is that the fair compensation as provided by the directive is not implemented into the exception. Based on the directive, fair compensation to the copyright holders only could be exempt if the damage caused would be de minimis or minimal. [31]However, the UK Government commissioned a research study and impact assessment that showed the harm that would likely cause to the copyright holders due to the private copying acts permitted in S.28B of CDPA would be minimal. The main reason is that the exception only applies to rightfully acquired copies which the copyright holders would receive the sufficient remuneration at the sales of the works, which the compensation was already priced in.[32] Quashing of S.28B CDPA The exception introduced by UK Government had been challenged after it had been introduced by British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, Musicians Union and UK Music 2009 Limited. The parties had applied for judicial review on the newly introduced exception on the basis that it failed to provide fair compensation as in the Directive to the copyright holders which would be unlawful.[33] The main issue leads to the quashing of the Regulation is that whether there is evidence of the harm to the copyright holders which would be minimal to determine that compensation scheme is not required as provided by the Regulation.[34] The judge reviewed the evidence provided in Governments Updated Impact Assessment and stated that evidence to prove the harm is minimal do not meet the satisfactory level.[35] The judge also criticised the IPO Research Report provided as evidence that lack of consumer surveys, price analysis and comparative analysis with other Member States.[36] How the Exception Affect the Interest of Stakeholders When it comes to the interest of the copyright holders, we would straight pinpoint to the fair compensation issue. The reproductions of works are getting easier and wider due to advancement of technology. As downloading from unlawful sources would not be considered as private copying, CJEU in its decision in ACI Adam stated that the levy system would not be applied to illegal downloading from unlawful sources.[37] Such development had great impact on certain countries which dont distinguish between lawful and unlawful sources for private copy exception. [38] However, as large part of copies made online from unlawful sources, the levy system should be implemented to compensate such condition as only compensating copies made from lawful resources would left the copyright holders to bear the losses. Copyright holders had to prosecute the users to get remuneration for copies from unlawful sources. Such approach does not balance the interest of copyright holders if the users continue to access the unlawful sources instead of the legal online services provided.[39] Distinguishing illegal downloading from the exception would make the law serves better, but it taken away the minimum damages to be suffered by the copyright holder as online piracy and illegal downloading would not reduce merely due to removing such act from private copy exception. The decease of compensation for copyright holders would not be a reasonable solution as private copying is increasing. The interest of the copyright holders would be harmed due to such limitation instead of getting protected.[40] Recent Development In Entidad de Gestion de Derechos de los Productores Audiovisuales (EGEDA) v Administracion del Estado, the funding scheme of Spanish for private copy exception was criticised by the ECJ, where the court held that the scheme does not guarantee the cost of such compensation would solely bear by the user who made private copy.[41] In Case C-521/11 Amazon.com (11th July 2013) at paragraph [20], in relation to the person who has to pay, the Court confirmed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦since the provisions of Directive 2001/29 do not expressly address the issue of who is to pay that compensation, the Member States enjoy broad discretion when determining who must discharge that obligation[42] However, the ECJ held that the Copyright Directive shall precludes budgetary scheme such as the scheme established in Spain to work as fair compensation to the copyright holders due to the private copy of their works as such scheme would involve a legal person who did not conduct such reproduction to bear the funding with those who make reproduction of works for private purpose. As the scheme could not guarantee the cost of that fair compensation is ultimately borne solely by the users of who make private copies, it shall not be treated as the fair compensation to the copyright holders even though Member States have the discretion to determine the legal person to bear such obligation.[43] [1] European Competition Law Review 2011 Case Comment Copying levies: moving towards harmonisation? The European Court rules on the concept of fair compensation for rightholders Bill Batchelor Tom Jenkins Matthew Butter [2] International Survey on Private Copying Law Practice 2015 [3] Art. 5(2)b of DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC [4] Paragraph 91 R. (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Queens Bench Division (Administrative Court) [5] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/310183/ipresearch-faircomp-201110.pdf [6] Entertainment Law Review 2009 Finland: copyright Mikko Manner [7] Paragraph 36 Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores de Espana (SGAE) (C-467/08) [8] European Intellectual Property Review 2008 The answer to the machine should not be the machine: safeguarding the private copy exception in the digital environment Christophe Geiger [9] Art. 5(5) of DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC [10] Refer to no.8 [11]Refer to no.8 [12] THE ROLE OF THE THREE-STEP TEST IN THE ADAPTATION OF COPYRIGHT LAW TO THE INFORMATION SOCIETY Christophe Geiger [13] In this sense also M. Buydens and S. Dusollier, Les exceptions au droit dauteur : à ©volutions dangereuses: Comm. com. à ©lectr. Sept. 2001, p. 13; J. C. Ginsburg (prec. note 20), p. 48, which underlines the risk that the traditionally free uses, such as for training purposes or parody, be considered as normal exploitations, supposing that right holders manage to implement a profitable collecting system. [14] See also in this sense M. Buydens and S. Dusollier (prec. note 30), p. 12. For more developments, see C. Geiger (prec. note 8), n ° 418 and s. [15] International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 2006 The private copy exception, an area of freedom (temporarily) preserved in the digital environment Christophe Geiger [16] Entertainment Law Review 2008 Case Comment Netherlands: copyright home copying Diederik Stols [17] ACI Adam BV v Stichting de Thuiskopie [18] Entertainment Law Review 2014 Case Comment Private copying levies, illegal online sources and the private use defence: Case C-435/12 ACI Adam BV v Stichting de Thuiskopie1 Kirsten Toft [19] Refer to no.18 [20] International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 2015 Case Comment Private copying and downloading from unlawful sources Joao Pedro Quintais [21] Refer to no.8 [22] Refer to no.8 [23] European Intellectual Property Review 2013 Publication Review Private Copying: The Scope of User Freedom in EU Digital Copyright Stavroula Karapapa Reviewed by Eleonora Rosati* [24] [25] Entertainment Law Review 2015 Case Comment You say you want a revolution: judicial review of the UKs private copying exception James Sead Rebecca Pakenham-Walsh [26] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying: judicial review holds the UK private copying exception to be unlawful because there was no evidence to support the decision not to provide compensation to rights holders Joel Smith Heather Newton* [27] s.28B of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988 [28] Para 71 R. (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Queens Bench Division (Administrative Court) [29] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying: judicial review holds the UK private copying exception to be unlawful because there was no evidence to support the decision not to provide compensation to rights holders Joel Smith Heather Newton* [30] Paragraph 53 of R. (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Queens Bench Division (Administrative Court) [31] Recital (35) of Directive 2001/29/EC [32] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 A comparative study on the reproduction by natural persons for private use exception to copyright in the UK and France Myriam Otaola Allende* [33] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying: judicial review holds the UK private copying exception to be unlawful because there was no evidence to support the decision not to provide compensation to rights holders Joel Smith Heather Newton* [34] Entertainment Law Review 2015 Case Comment You say you want a revolution: judicial review of the UKs private copying exception James Seadon* Rebecca Pakenham-Walsh [35] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying: judicial review holds the UK private copying e

Response to the Film William Faulkner, a Life on Paper :: Movie Film Essays

Response to the Film William Faulkner, a Life on Paper My first response in general to the film is how utterly scary many of the people interviewed were. Coming from Central Florida, I can honestly say I am not from the Deep South, as there were several instances where someone was speaking in the film and I simply could not figure out what they were saying through their accent. Of the people interviewed who were not locals from Mississippi, many of the Hollywood representatives were decidedly more intelligible yet no less intimidating, many of them men I would not want to be stuck talking to in a party. But aside from such characters, the film created an interesting portrait of Faulkner the father. One could certainly see intent on the filmmakers’ part to cast Faulkner the father in the shadow of Faulkner the author. The film shows interviews with two of Faulkner’s daughters: one full and one stepdaughter. Intriguingly, the latter of these is shown speaking on camera only once, a scene in which she characterized her stepfather’s severe drinking problems and how scared she was of her stepfather during those experiences. Jill, his full daughter, seemed to go along with these sentiments. She recalls one time she tried to stop him from drinking, to which he responded with the most memorable line of the film: â€Å"Nobody remembers Shakespeare’s child,† which apparently was effective in discouraging any further attempts to stop his drinking. Jill seems ambivalent of her father. On the one hand, she knows she is on camera speaking about her famous and beloved father, and is thus expected to like him. And indeed, she does effectively convey some sense of love for her father. But she simultaneously embeds a disconnectedness from her father. If she had not repeatedly referred t o him as Poppy, one would never catch on that she was his daughter. Her revelations and reminisces seem hardly familial, but rather read the same way all of the other memories of him do: enigmatically and unfamiliarly. The film suggests Faulkner does not feel disappointed in having a daughter rather than a son, and I might go so far as to believe that this characterization of the unfamilial child would have existed for a son as well.

An Ethical Dilemma Essay

There exists a strong link between the way and pace of life in a society and eating habits of the individuals. No matter how diverse and sophisticated the cuisine of a certain culture might be, today’s hyper moving tempo necessitates cheaper and faster food. That is where the fast food sector steps in, saving the day. At first glance, they appear to be life savers with their affordable menus. However, when we take a closer look and observe the long-term effects of fast food on individuals, we are faced with health problems such as obesity and heart diseases. Nevertheless, fast food firms also do a very good job in marketing their products to carefully targeted audiences, especially children. This paper will focus on the case of McDonald’s and argue how ethical it is for them to advertise for children directly, examining the issue from the perspective of social responsibility. The spread of McDonald’s in other parts of the world creates mixed feelings in some countries, and people even claim that the McDonald’s and the distorted image of Americanization is harmful for their culture and societies. This opinion is especially valid in Europe, but surprisingly McDonald’s is welcome in Asia. What is a common reaction in all countries hosting McDonald’s, including its homeland America, is the attitude taken towards the effects of McDonald’s on eating habits and the following negative consequences. There are plenty of fast food advertisements in North America and this industry has especially become a part of the life of families with children. Starting from very little ages, children are used to eating this good-tasting, well-marketed and fun menus which usually come along with a toy for free; and their tastes and eating habits are influenced. Even though fast food companies have started to offer â€Å"light† menus and food with less fat and calories, they do not offer the best menus for children. They continue the habit of eating fast food as they go into adolescence and adulthood, and become another candidate for an obese person with various diseases resulting from being overweight. â€Å"Overweight children do tend to become obese adults, putting themselves at a much greater risk, and at a much earlier age, for chronic illnesses such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease† (Dalton, 2004, p. 2). One out of three children in the United States is either overweight or at serious risk of becoming so. The number of overweight children ages six to nineteen has tripled within three decades; the rate of overweight preschool children is nearly as great. The accelerating rate indicates that the current generation of children will grow into the most obese generation of adults in history. (Dalton, 2004, p. 2) Although parents are aware that food sold at McDonald’s is not very healthy, they are misled by the fact that it is affordable and makes their children happy. What is more, some parents do not have very healthy eating habits either; so one should not be surprised in seeing their children liking McDonald’s menus. Moreover, it is not easy to resist the tempting advertisements. â€Å"Some might say that no one is forcing parents to buy these products or foods for their children. But, these ads position the products as ‘must haves’. Even if their parents do not buy them the products, children are influenced† (How to Prevent Childhood Obesity. com, 2009). â€Å"Experts name Ray Kroc, founder of McDonald’s franchise and Walt Disney as the pioneers of child-focused marketing, since they first recognized children as a separate marketing demographic from adults in the 1960’s† (Veracity, D. , 2008). Today, we cannot help but wonder how the managers of McDonald’s feel about the harsh criticisms that the company gets for advertising and promoting unhealthy food for children. From a business point of view, the company has done a great job since it was founded by Ray Kroc in 1955, generated enormous profits and even became a better known brand than Coca-Cola (Veracity, D. , 2008). Competition in the fast food sector is harsh, so McDonald’s heavily invests in high quality advertisements aimed at targeting the right audience, using celebrities and partnerships with other brands, or cartoon characters in their campaigns if possible. They build playgrounds in their stores, which serve as a socializing place for children to meet other kids and have fun. McDonald’s not only influences American children and families, but also exports its food, image and advertisements to the rest of the world. They have opened branches in almost all parts of the world, and keep expanding despite the economic recession. They are â€Å"optimistic about business prospects in China and plan to open about 500 stores in the country in three years† (Yan, F. & Li, H. , 2009). This gives an important hint about the tastes and habits of the growing generation of children and it is not difficult to foresee that the global influence of McDonald’s will intensify in the coming years, despite all criticisms that it is unethical to promote unhealthy food to children. How ethical is the advertising strategy of McDonald’s really? Are the managers of McDonald’s actually guilty, or is everyone being too harsh and oversensitive? Even though it is normal for a company to hold its own rights and benefits before everything, if it is as influential and global as McDonald’s, it also has some moral and ethical responsibilities and should consider the social consequences of its actions as well as making profits and opening new stores. One of the most important causes of childhood obesity is lack of exercise, so it might not be totally fair to blame McDonald’s and other fast food chains for obese children. On the one hand, the McDonald’s culture heavily contributes in a bad way to developing irregular eating habits. But on the other hand, they cannot be the only ones to blame, as children and their parents are increasingly becoming computer and TV addicts, engaging in very little physical activity. When coupled with fast food consumption, health problems become inescapable. What is the solution to this moral problem then? It is obvious that a company this successful will not quit this business or abandon its strategy. However, McDon can at least modify its advertising approach slightly and recommend doing exercises as the underlying message after having a good McDonald’s meal. They can include famous sportsmen in their advertisements and encourage children to engage in sports. They can give out toys associated with sports brands, even organize sports competitions for children with awards, sponsored by major brands like Nike or Adidas. These are just a few suggestions, and there is no doubt that professionals designing McDonald’s marketing strategy can work wonders with this idea if they want to. This way, children can learn to associate the consumption of fast food with exercise in their minds and be convinced that they must be physically active in order to burn those calories taken at McDonald’ and be healthy. In conclusion, if McDonald’s and other fast food chains would alter their advertisement campaigns so as to include the theme of more exercise and sports, they would have been more socially responsible. This way, even though they do not sell the most healthy meals, their customers, especially children would know that they have to pay a price for eating a high calorie and high fat meal by doing more exercise. They would also associate fast food meals with the energy and dynamism of sports, which also makes individuals happy. Therefore, this can be a very good formula for McDonald’s to keep its happy customers all over the world and appease an angry crowd of protesters who argue that McDonald’s advertisements are unethical. References Dalton, S. (2004). Our Overweight Children: What Parents, Schools, and Communities Can Do to Control the Fatness Epidemic. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Should there be Ethical Issues with Fast Food Companies Advertising to Children?How to Prevent Childhood Obesity. com. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http://www. howtopreventchildhoodobesity. com/ethicalissues- fastfoodadvertisements. html Veracity, D. (2008, July 13). America’s Fast Food Giants Perfect the Art of Selling Junk Food to Children. Organic Consumers Association. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http://www. organicconsumers. org/articles/article_1092. cfm Yan, F. & Li, H. (2009, February 18). McDonald’s eye 500 stores in China in 3 years. Reuters. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http://www. reuters. com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE51H13F20090218

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Reconstruction Finance Corporation The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a federal lending agency created by the U.S. government under President Herbert Hoover to rescue banks on the brink of failure and restore Americans faith in the financial system while minimizing the crises of the Great Depression in the early 1930s. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation eventually grew in scope to finance agricultural, commercial and industrial endeavors through billions of dollars in loans until it was disbanded in 1957. It played a significant role in funding New Deal programs under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to help the United States recover from its worst financial crisis. Key Takeaways: Reconstruction Finance Corporation The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was created by Congress on Jan. 22, 1932, amid the Great Depression to provide emergency capital to financial institutions. The support provided to those banks has been likened to the bailouts provided in modern times.The Reconstruction Finance Corporation helped minimize bank failures and improve monetary conditions prior to the banking crisis of 1933 by financing agriculture, commerce and industry.Under President Franklin Delano Roosevelts New Deal, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation became the largest investor in the economy, representing a relocation of Americans economic power from Wall Street to Washington, D.C., according to historians. Creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation Signed into law by Hoover on Jan. 22, 1932, the Reconstruction Finance Act created the federal lending agency with $500 million in capital from the U.S. Treasury to provide emergency financing facilities for financial institutions, to aid in financing agriculture, commerce, and industry.   Hoover, describing the agencys role at the White House signing ceremony that day, said: It brings into being a powerful organization with adequate resources, able to strengthen weaknesses that may develop in our credit, banking, and railway structure, in order to permit business and industry to carry on normal activities free from the fear of unexpected shocks and retarding influences. Its purpose is to stop deflation in agriculture and industry and thus to increase employment by the restoration of men to their normal jobs. †¦ It should give opportunity to mobilize the gigantic strength of our country for recovery. The agency was modeled after the War Finance Corporation, the federal governments effort to centralize, coordinate, and fund the procurement and supply operations that accompanied formal U.S. entry into World War I in April 1917, according to Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland research officer Walker F. Todd. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation distributed nearly $2 billion a year in loans in its first three years of existence, though the money was not enough to lift the country out of its economic woes. The money did, however, provide liquidity to the financial system and prevent many banks from failing by allowing Americans to remove their savings. Criticism of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation The Reconstruction Finance Corporation endured criticism for bailing out some banks and railroads and not others- particularly larger institutions instead of smaller, community-based ones. For example, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was hit for lending $65 million in the early years to Bank of America and $264 million to railroads controlled by some of the wealthiest families and corporations in the nation. The original plan for the agency was to help rescue small banks in rural parts of the United States that typically did not have access to Federal Reserve loans. According to Hoover: It is not created for the aid of big industries or big banks. Such institutions are amply able to take care of themselves. It is created for the support of the smaller banks and financial institutions and, through rendering their resources liquid, to give renewed support to business, industry, and agriculture.† Jesse Jones, chairman of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, pictured at the hearing of the Senate banking and currency committee. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images The agency was also subject to scrutiny because of its secretive nature, at least at first, and because it was seen as corrupt under Chairman Jesse Jones, a Houston businessman, in the final stages of its existence. It was revealed, for example, that the Reconstruction Finance Corporation had loaned $90 million to a Chicago bank whose chairman had served as president of the agency. Eventually the agency was forced to disclose the name of all of its borrowers under the Emergency Relief and Construction Act. The agency revealed that many of the borrowers were, in fact, large banks not intended to benefit from the corporation. The agency stopped lending money in 1953 and ceased operations in 1957. Impact of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation The creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation is credited with saving many banks and it also provided an alternative to the controversial plan of making the Federal Reserve the so-called lender of last resort to failing financial institutions during this crisis. (A lender of last resort is a term used to describe the central bank of a nation that works to rescue troubled institutions. The Federal Reserve acts in that capacity in the United States.) Critics of the Federal Reserve plan worried it would lead to inflation and even deepen the nations depression. The agency also served to strengthen the capital structure of the banking system and eventually morphed into a convenient agency through which to extend government credit to many additional groups which the Roosevelt administration sought to aid, wrote B.W. Patch in the 1935 CQ Press publication The R.F.C. under Hoover and Roosevelt. As supporters of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation noted at the time of its creation, the agencys mission was not merely saving the banks but to provide relief to millions of Americans who had deposited their money in them. Allowing the banks to fail, in other words, would have led to hardship beyond which the Depression had already inflicted. Sources â€Å"Records of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.†Ã‚  National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/234.html#234.1.Patch, B.W. â€Å"The R.F.C. Under Hoover and Roosevelt.†Ã‚  CQ Researcher by CQ Press, Congressional Quarterly Press, 17 July 1935, library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?idcqresrre1935071700.Saving Capitalism: The Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the New Deal, 1933-1940. Olson, James Stuart, Princeton University Press, Mar 14, 2017.

Googles view on the future of business

Googles view on the future of business Thesis Statement Recent developments in the internet and software business especially the level of commercial aggression arising from competitors such as (Microsoft, Apple and Facebook) is making it quite hard for Google to conclude that its business model is secured in the near future and the distant future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Googles view on the future of business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering that Google’s main source of revenue is from internet advertising, and software development and companies like Facebook and Twitter, Microsoft, Yahoo and other participants have considerably snatched a lot of business for them since they came into existence. Google has no option but to respond quickly and effectively with plans that will enable the company eliminate all weakness and forge in the future with a more stable business. Thus in order for Google to reduce the amount of ris ks and uncertainty that it is faced by the company, it may be forced to revise its business model and eliminate any elements that may pose a threat or cast a weakness upon their business model. Introduction Today’s business environment is highly dynamic and volatile. How commercial enterprises used to go about business yesterday is not the same today and thus companies don’t have the luxury to assume that the future will be as the same today as it was yesterday ( Kourdi 2009, 122). Everyday there are new trends emerging in the business world which either influence or act as a force of initiating change in the business community and if companies remain rigid, then they may find themselves in problems. Consumers are becoming more radical and more aware of their rights pushing companies to develop strategies that govern their marketing mix and overall business strategy (Kotler 2003, 161). The internet and computer software industry is a highly competitive industry that is extremely volatile with the new inventions hitting the market each and every day.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore industry participants who operate within this industry are often forced to use more aggressive strategies to ensure that their business models adapt to the ever changing environment (Beach 2011. 141) Google is a software and internet company that was founded in 1998. The Company is a multinational company that runs its internet business in almost every country of the world. Additionally, the company makes annual profits of over $ 7billion and an intelligent talented workforce of over 20,000 employees. Google has risen to be one of the most respected companies in the world, and thus has continuously aimed to improve its business amongst competitors such as Microsoft, Yahoo, Bing and Baidu and the various social sites that have arisen such as Facebook and Twitter (Beach 2011. 141). The future of most businesses is not certain and hence companies vigorously involve themselves in a successful strategy so that the levels of risks and uncertainty can be reduced (Boone 2010, 88). Google’s business platform involves the selling of many products and services such as Google’s famous Android Smartphone Handset, Google’s social sites such as Orkut and Buzz, Google’s Chrome OS, Google’s instant messenger Google talk and its various marketing and advertisement platforms that act as the main source of revenue for the company (Bhupendra 2011). Googles mission and vision is to provide simple yet leading technology to the millions of people using the internet, and therefore in order for Google to succeed in doing this the organization must make sure that it operates in a problem free environment by dissolving various problems facing the organization with the help of planning and strategy. Major problems and issues that Google needs to address Poor customer service value The lack of a well set customer support system within Google may act as a hindrance to the mission and vision of Google. Today’s business environment is full of sensitive customers therefore it is necessary that companies develop facilities that will assist the business to make sure that each query and expression of a consumer is properly captured and responded to within a reasonable time frame ( Koontz Weihrich 2009, 133). The line â€Å"we will not necessarily respond to your message† is normally a common feature of Google’s search engine unlike companies like Facebook which usually make sure they respond to the concerns of customers efficiently while Google does not and this may lead to the downfall of the company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Googles view on the future of business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn M ore For strategy to work properly within an organization it is a must for an organization to treat a customer like king and come up with a mechanism that will respond to the need of consumers whenever need arises and the best mechanism for doing so is a fully equipped and well staffed customer care department (Bhupendra 2011). Yahoo one of Google’s largest competitor has a fairly stronger customer service and therefore this fact may rub well with consumers and hence dissatisfied consumers may consequently switch to where they think their opinion matters (Bhupendra 2011). It is important not for Google to recruit the best computer scientists and developers but also dedicate efforts towards implementing superior customer care facilities, because if consumer needs and desires are ignored this may prove problematic. Many companies have become successful because they have set up systems which can mine vital data from their consumers by the help of well established customer care centers (Kotler 2003,203 -211). The date that is collected from this stage is then used to formulate, implement, evaluate and control the various forms of strategies that exist within the organization. As a result the companies which have good strategies can easily navigate their way through present and future crises (Koontz Weihrich 2009, 53). Stiff Competition and Hostility Google may have recently gained ground on other business fronts but Facebook and Twitter has significantly threatened its dominance in the internet advertising industry (Bhupendra 2011). Additionally, the number of people who previously depended on PC’s and Laptops to access the internet is sharply falling since the introduction of smart phones, with the current increase in the number of people who are now using smart phones as their primary means of accessing the internet then Google’s previous assumptions that the Personal computer and Laptops would remain primary sources of placing adver tisement has been met wit astonishment. Internet advertisement companies have been forced to upgrade their technology and enter the mobile telephony advertisement industry. Competition between social sites and Google has also forced Google to enter into the social marketing media although Google’s penetration remains small (Bhupendra 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus if Google intends to continue dominating the internet viral marketing atmosphere the company may be forced to either partner up with current dominant social sites or use other mechanisms to make sure their social sites such as Buzz and Orkut gain numbers as fast as possible. Away from internet advertising both Microsoft and yahoo are becoming more vigorous and thus pose a threat to Google’s dominance thus forcing Google to take part in continuous strategic consultations and evaluation in order to perform well. It should therefore become the duty of one department within Google to continuously gather competitive intelligence and consult with strategic heads in order to evaluate and control the strategy of Google (Kotler 2003, 211). Since Google has decided to start manufacturing hardware such as the Android Smartphone and developing other software such as the Chrome OS many previous business partners like Samsung, Intel, have seen this move as a bad move that threatens th eir business models and therefore are planning retaliatory moves against Google (Bhupendra 2011). Google’s inability Penetrate the Chinese market The Chinese market is one of the largest internet markets with close to 400 internet users and therefore gaining control over such a market would prove very profitable to the business of Google (Beach 2011 141). It is thus necessary that Google sets up proper mechanisms to make sure those negotiations with other Chinese companies’ bear’s fruit for the company. According to â€Å"China Digital Times†, Google mainly failed to negotiate the necessary syndication deals with Chinese partners (Beach 2011. 141). Although Google claimed that the Chinese government was behind its failure in China it should have been the duty of negotiating experts to make sure that the deal was renegotiated because China is a country with a long term potential of doing business. Therefore with Google not participating in the Chinese mark et other competitors may use this fact to compete against Google and destabilize Google’s business model. The amount of revenues that could be collected from China by Google could help the company conduct research and development and launch new product or fund their strategies (Kotler 2003, 43). Data Privacy and security problems Many users of the internet usually prefer that their anonymity be maintained and that their right to privacy be respected. Personal data belonging to users of Google products and software is only anonymized for up to 9 months thus leaving users of Google vulnerable when this timeframe expires. Therefore other individuals such as employees and even hackers can access the information and use this information to their advantage and even commit fraud or leak information which was considered private and confidential. Techniques that can be used to identify the problems In order for Google to correctly identify the extent to which this problems are likely to affect their business model the company could carry a market research thorough which a SWOT analysis and the use of porters model to accurately explain to what extent competition and rivalry can affect their business objectives (Kotler 2003, 88). A SWOT analysis for the company, a competitor analysis and an industry analysis would assist the company understands itself better. Additionally, Google will be able to compare itself with other close competitors and moreover, understand what the industry expects of software and internet companies who participate within the same industry such as such as Google, Mozilla, Bing, Baidu, Apple and others. The advantage of using a SWOT analysis is that both internal and external factors that influence a company’s business performance can all be determined so that the company can eliminate all weaknesses and threats and therefore maximize revenue streams and overall company performance by tapping into opportunities and strengths that the company possesses (Kourdi 2009, 122). It is therefore the duty of Google to conduct vigorous research to accurately identify elements of its SWOT analysis, Competitor intelligence reports and overall industry reports. Figure 1: The link between strategic planning and commercial success. The diagram above suggests that by putting in place strong strategy and executing it efficiently organizations face almost 100% certainty that they can succeed but if the strategy is weak it is more likely that the strategy will not succeed. Consequently, it is true to conclude that if Google goes forward to carefully conduct research and gather relevant data it will be possible for the company to address the route course of their problems, and become a more formidable company (Czinkota 1998, 44). Recommendations The results of the SWOT analysis, the competitor intelligence reports and industry reports will be crucial in making the necessary recommendations that will help reduce the impact that may arise out of the problems that Google faces. In order for Google to be more in touch with the feelings, taste and preferences needs and queries of their customers it is thus a must that the company puts in place a highly efficient customer care structure. A good customer care strategy will make sure that any shifts in customer care behavior are detected early and thus appropriate action will be taken to make sure that the customer is happy and satisfied. The customer care services may either be formed in various regions in the world to deal with the large number of consumers or even outsourced to one single country where cheap labor can be found. Due to the stiff nature of competition within the industry Google should therefore embark on establishing a competitive intelligence unit who will work hand in hand with the strategic development department. This move will enable Google be able to continuously monitor and evaluate their strategy in a real-time basis and thus make any chang es depending on the actions of the competitors. Furthermore Google can alternatively look for other options which may allow it to collaborate with its more hostile partners who do not like the fact that Google has entered into their business field. Google should also step up its negotiations with the Chinese government and give in to reasonable demands because their absence in the Chinese market can injure their corporate ambitions. Furthermore if this option does not work Google can alternatively look for means by which it will enter into a collaborative business with Baidu thus making their presence certain in China. Following many complaints and lawsuits concerning Data Privacy and security problems, Google should put more effort and force its developers to come up with techniques that will allow the company to successfully develop methods that would protect the security of all customers whom use their products. Evaluate the pros and cons of various action alternatives The advant age of carrying out vigorous research through a SWOT analysis, a competitor analysis and an industry analysis would give Google Leverage that would enable the company to set out the appropriate strategy. Information is power and with power strategic heads of a company can more effectively put in place the right strategic choices. The dangers that are attached to carrying out strategic changes in the absence of research may offer a cheaper option but may result to weaker strategies that may obviously fail in the process of execution (Kourdi 2009, 122). Research makes it more possible to gather accurate and unbiased information on the competitors, the company’s internal and external environment together with competitive intelligence information. But if the company sees that it lacks the capacity for it to carryout research by itself, then the company should outsource and contract other companies who have more experience to carry out research on their behalf (Katakota Robinson 2001, 133). Although this may be the most expensive option it is far the best option because third parties are more likely to be more unbiased and professional in their work depending on their previous track record. Conclusion Google’s current and future success largely depends on the way the organization will chose to tackle the various problems that are affecting its current business model. Many businesses face problems but the role of planning and setting strategies is a very important issue as it assists businesses resolve their problems and emerge victorious when crises hit their organizations. It is thus the role of the company’s leadership conduct research and use the data which they have obtained from carrying the research to make valid and efficient strategies that would make sure that the current problems are solved so that the organization can move forward and even beat its competitors in business. The failure of organizations to take part in strategic plann ing may lead to loss of market share and revenues hence prevent a company from achieving its mission and vision. References Bhupendra, R. (2011). 10 Reasons why Google may fail in the Future. Web. Beach, S. (2011). Google’s Future in China Uncertain. Web. Boone, L. (2010). Contemporary Business. NJ New Jersey: Wiley Sons. Czinkota, R. M. (1998). Trends in international business. Malden MA: Blackwell Publishing. Gaudin, S. (2010). Google, Facebook battle for future of the Web: Could Googles Achilles heel be showing as Facebook teams up with Microsoft? Web. Katakota, R. Robinson, M. (2001). E-Business 2.0 Roadmap for success. NJ New Jersey: Pearson Education. Koontz, H. Weihrich, H. (2009). Essence of Management an International Perspective, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing Insights from A to Z: 80 concepts every manager needs to know. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Inc. Kourdi, J. (2009). Business Strategy: A Guide to Effective Decision Making, (2 edn ), New York: Economist books.

UCLA Graduate School Admission Essay Example

UCLA Graduate School Admission Essay Example Free Online Research Papers UCLA Graduate School Admission Essay Example 1. Please provide us with a summary of your personal and family background. Include information about where you grew up, your parents, your siblings, and perhaps a highlight or special memory of your youth. One of the special memories of my youth dates back to 17 years ago. Four siblings of us were living relatively affluent lives thanks to our parents who had very respectful and well-paid jobs: my father was a judge and my mother, a pharmacist. However, as my maternal grandfather’s business, which my mother stood guarantee for, went bankrupt, we faced a crucial crisis. The creditors created a series of commotion at our house for almost everyday. We had to square the debts by disposing the whole of our fortune and subsequently had to move to a small and shabby place. My father heartily consoled my mother who reproached herself for all the mishaps. And he also told his children, who were having difficulties adapting themselves to the circumstances totally different from the ones they had in the past, that the crisis we were undergoing was only one of the many challenges we would have to face in the course of our lives. This financial crisis eventually forced my father to quit working as a judge and he had no choice but to practice law in order to stabilize our family’s finance. Despite his financial difficulties, my father never gave up living up to his own motto, â€Å"A life with justice and volunteering†. He not only provided free legal services to the poor and the powerless but also continued to offer donations to xxx (an institution for the disabled) which was a shock to me when I first visited. Having compared myself with those disabled people, I came to realize that my life was so blessed that I should be living with more passion and effort. From that day on, I volunteered with my father to take care of the disabled children every weekend. My father’s confident way of life gave our siblings great courage. We began to work part time in order to help our parents. My sisters, who had extraordinary talents in music, tutored young children in piano and violin. My brother and I worked at carwash and delivered newspapers. We kept saving money in a siblings’ savings account. After a few years of united family efforts, we were able to move into a new and better place. I would never forget the emotional sensations and delights we felt and shared at that moment. My siblings and I spent a part of money we saved on decorating the front yard of the new house and donated the rest of the money to xxx. After a long time, my brother became a lawyer. He serves as a key member of the Association of the Lawyers who care for the Human rights, a non-governmental organization composed of lawyers that actively seek to enhance social welfare and justice amongst the underprivileged. His continuous and active participation in these social activities despite his hectic life schedule as a practicing lawyer demonstrates to me his enthusiasm for acting on his own convictions. His enthusiasm has inspired me to act on my own beliefs. One of my sisters became a physician and the other, a broadcasting writer. Both of them are leading passionate lives at present. My family has shaped my beliefs and actions in profound ways. From my family’s never-ending practice, I have learned the courage to fight against the hardship as well as the generosity to help the underprivileged people. I truly love and respect all members of my family. Given the chance, I hope to show to my future classmates of Ander son, the perseverance and the sense of sacrifice for others that I have learned from my family. 2. Discuss a situation, preferably work related, where you have taken a significant leadership role. How do this event demonstrate your managerial potential? I believe the primary element of a leadership is to build confidence from the associates. In addition, I believe that this confidence is possible when there is professionalism, passion and a clear vision of the future about the assigned duty. My confidence in the leadership was achieved through a project on the merger of xxx and our company xxx in which I participated for 3 months in 19xx. As a leader of one of the 5 loan-evaluation teams to inspect the bad loan section of xxx, I conducted a research on the actual status of the loan of xxx. As a result of a meeting for the conclusion after the research, 4 leaders, except me, turned out to be against the merger. That’s because there was too much risk involved in the poor loan of xxx. For the 3 months, I worked on average over 100 hours a week, researching every inch the loan companies of xxx. Because I had confidence on the successful outcome of the merger based on my research, I proposed an additional meeting. In this meeting, I emphasized two factors. First, there is huge possibility for the poor loan of xxx to be transferred into a high grade loan assets within 2~3 years because the Korean economy is getting back on the right track with rapidity out of the IMF regime. Secondly, xxx is relatively vulnerable where xxx is strong in terms of market share. Therefore, xxx has a good chance to revive through the maximization of the synergy effect. The research leaders and executives encouraged by my argument based on comprehensive research decided to take over xxx in the long run. After a year of restructuring, the poor loan has recovered to great extent as I expected. In this context, the merger was considered successful. Throughout the experience, I was able to refine and prove my leadership skills, particularly in leading the participation of my colleagues by suggesting a clear vision for the future based on in-depth research and analysis. I believe that my leadership skills will continue to improve and will in the end enable me to serve as an effective manager in the future. 3. Discuss your career goals and why you want an MBA, particularly at this point in your career. Why, specifically, are you applying to the Anderson School? My long-term career goal is to establish a consulting firm offering integrated services for small to mid-sized companies in Asian countries such as Korea and China. In Korea, they currently accounted for over 60% of national GDP. However, their management skills and business approach are rather unsophisticated. I want to offer them integrated services that would cover major aspects of their needs especially in strategy development and financial infrastructure. I will contribute not only to their growth, but help them attain management expertise to compete with bigger and richer companies. In 19xx, I chose the xxx Company, a high-performing affiliate of the $xx billion of the Korean conglomerate, as my first career step out of college in order to broaden my professional capabilities in corporate finance and to obtain a more comprehensive understanding on the actual business organization. I majored in the field of philosophy in college and volunteered for the ‘Intensive Course on Financial Management’ from xxx after entering the firm in order to develop my inadequate knowledge related to the field of financial affairs. In effect, I completed 6 basic subjects such as Financial Reporting, Financial Statement Analysis and Capital Budgeting in full-time during 4 months. My experiences at the Loan Team and the Credit Analysis Team during the first 3 years provided me with skills in corporate analysis and evaluation, an understanding of corporate financial structure, and a professional knowledge of Korea’s financial industry. During the next one year, I have also gained knowledge on various functions, ranging from corporate vision development to management system control at the Business Administration Team. However, while I have had the hands-on experiences in the real business world, I believe a more structured training to complement my real-world exper iences at this point in my career will enable me to advance into a more sophisticated level of thinking. I am convinced that I will be able to cultivate my consulting foundation through an MBA program. By selecting courses for my major such as management strategy, finance, and entrepreneurship, I intend to establish a solid and fundamental framework of business management knowledge that is essential to a consultant. Aside from gaining theoretical business knowledge from an MBA, I would like to form a long-lasting relationship with my future classmates with whom I can provide help as well as receive support. When I establish my consulting firm, the international networks that would have formed during the MBA courses will help me reach potential clients, share knowledge, join partnerships and exchange our resources. Im very attracted to Anderson School for its well-deserved reputation in entrepreneurship. I learned that Anderson School offers many extracurricular activities for entrepreneurial students through the Harold Price Center of Entrepreneurial Studies. I would like to have chances to advance the theory and practice of entrepreneurship to make my future clients successful. An other reason I apply for Anderson is a wide range of opportunities with reference to geographic advantages of Los Angeles, one of the biggest international cities. I will make vigorous efforts to become a substantial leader in international arena in the upcoming 21st century by developing global business perspectives at Anderson. Upon graduation from the Anderson School, I would like to work for an international consulting company such as McKinsey, BCG or A.T.Kearney as a management consultant in order to develop more diverse experiences before I venture out to set up a consulting company. Based on my current experiences and the potential knowledge obtained at Anderson as well as the professional consulting firms, I will be able to achieve my long-term goal of establishing a consulting company for the small to mid-sized enterprises of Korea and other Asian countries within 10 years to come. 4. Describe your most significant personal accomplishments to date, explaining why you view it as such. My most significant personal achievement was the contribution to the successful establishment of a night school when I was a college student. Because I was interested in minority rights, social injustice and other social issues, I joined the ideology-focused student movements after entering the xxx University. After a while, however, I realized that these movements could not grant real support to those who were suffering from the pain. I changed my personal interest into the solution of the practical social problems. My congenial friends and I tried every effort to find out something we could do in an underprivileged region of Seoul. We soon realized that most of the students in the region, aged 13 to 17, could not attend school at all because they had to earn money to support their families or because of their parent’s objections and disinterest in their children’s education. We decided to offer a more comprehensive educational program in place of regular schooling to provide the essential education in a more personal setting. I was responsible for recruiting more teachers and soliciting donations, while others recruited students and developed various contents of the programs. Owing to two years of our personal sacrifice, this institute named xxx built strong reputation as a secondary educational institution within the community. This night school in which I am participating as a counselor has developed into one of the biggest institutes among the night schools run by college students. I was able to learn leadership and the way to manage an organization by solving a lot of problems originated during the process of establishment and management of the school. I was also able to mature myself in terms of humanity by working together with teen-agers from underprivileged environments. Above all, I am most proud that I was able to serve as an inspiration to the underprivileged people in terms of hope and courage. Student Name Applying for MBA Berkeley -Haas Research Papers on UCLA Graduate School Admission Essay ExamplePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseTwilight of the UAWHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPETSTEL analysis of India

Practicum project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Practicum project - Essay Example In 2007, alone the death rate stood at 7,000. This concern led to the Institute of Medicine to come up with a report dubbed â€Å"Preventing Medication Errors† (Hughes & Blegen, 2007). The report emphasized on the need to practice safe medication administration. Six years later, the problem still exists and there although many measures have been put in place, there are still cases of unsafe drug administration in chemist, hospitals, and pharmacies. It is for this reason that I have gained a lot of interest in the field of pharmacology. Therefore, as a nurse educator my aim is to bring change into the nursing field by ensuring that my students gain a comprehensive understanding in safe administration of medicine. As a nurse educator in pharmacology, I have had to read extensively on the current situation concerning pharmacology and the arising issues and changes in the nursing field related to medication. The process of medicine administration is continuously becoming complex because of the continuous production and discovery of new drugs in the market. The number of prescribed medicine per patients is also playing a major role in this trend (Garrett & Craig, 2008). Another important factor that is playing a key factor in the medication field is the rapid change in medical technology and the several procedures and policies that have come up. Over the years, as I have progressed with my career I have come to discover that pharmacology, either as a course or part of a course for a nursing education is a very important element for any health care practitioner. A safe medication process and use are two essential principles that contribute towards a â€Å"safe use of pharmacological agents in perioperative clinical practice† (Hicks, Wanzer, & Goeckner, 2011). According to Hicks, Wanzer, and Goeckner (2011), proper use of medication involves the following steps obtaining, prescribin g, recording, dispensing, administering, and finally monitoring. However, it is

Pre Calculus Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pre Calculus Questions - Assignment Example However, I later discovered that integration is the easier of the two concepts through practice. Using numerical data, differentiation proved to be the most difficult concept to use and in some case, I realized when doing trial questions that it was difficult to use differentiation. I realized that differentiation was only nice when using explicit formulae to solve functions. Integration seemed impossible explicitly but it was comfortable numerically. Natural exponential function can be used to estimate the size of a population with a constant relative growth rate. In estimating population growth, the formula P (t) = P (0) e kt where P is population after a period t, k denotes constant relative growth rate, and P (0) denotes the initial population size at t = 0. The measurement of time used in the formula is in most cases proportional to the life of the organisms under study. In the case of bacteria, hours or days are utilized while for human beings, t is normally in

London City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

London City - Essay Example With such a prominent position in Western history, there are endless articulations of the city. This essay examines Ackroyd’s (2003) London: A Biography and Hunter’s (2006) Persons Unknown; / Life and Death in Hackney in terms of the way they present the city as reality, experience, and practice. Ackroyd’s (2003) London: A Biography presents an expensive exploration of the city of London. As this texts offers considerable insights into the nature and meanings of the city’s reality, it’s necessary to consider a number of particular themes. While traditional biographies oftentimes explicate specific historical events, or notable occurrences in a person’s life, Ackroyd’s account captures many of the instances of London life that would otherwise go undetected. This multidimensional approach can be witnessed in Ackroyd’s exploration of linguistic elements of speech in the city. He writes, â€Å"London speech has been variously descr ibed both as harsh and as soft, but the predominant characteristic is that of slackness† (Ackroyd 2003, p. 347). Ackroyd then extends this consideration to involve the means that London speech experienced broad patterns of change; for instance, during the fourteenth century the East Saxon voice of London was displaced by verbal elements from the Central and East Midlands. While Ackroyd’s account of this linguistic sentiment is undoubtedly biased by his personal opinion, it functions to contribute to the recognition of the city as a living entity that has evolved through major shifts in time. The presentation of this city in this context creates a reality of the London experience as something monumental. While Ackroyd’s consideration of London as a living entity is prominently demonstrated in the evolution of linguistic elements, there are other means that articulates these elements of reality, experience, and practice. As Ackroyd considers London as evolving a la nguage of slackness, he additionally considers the city as shaped and reflecting more naturalistic elements. Perhaps nowhere is this better witnessed than in his consideration of the ocean as shaping and informing London reality and experience. Ackroyd (2003, p.6) writes, â€Å"There was once a music-hall song entitled 'Why Can't We Have the Sea in London?', but the question is redundant; the site of the capital, fifty million years before, was covered by great waters. The waters have not wholly departed, even yet, and there is evidence of their life in the weathered stones of London.† While the specific historical consideration here is the actual linkage between London and its pre-historic past, more significantly Ackroyd is drawing a deep-rooted linkage to the city experience as emanating from its natural surroundings. In addition to the influence of the Ocean, Ackroyd considers elements such as birds, remnants of early civilizations, and the clay that can become mud. Ackro yd links these elements to literary references in Dickens and other historical perspectives. The cumulative impact of such notions of the city further enhances the theme of the city as a living entity and its monumentality. While Ackroyd’s text considered London as a living entity with a monumental reality, Hunter’s photography series captures Londoners’ lived experience. The contrast between these depictions depends on the portions of the articulations the reader or viewer chooses to emphasize. Hunter’s ‘Persons Unknown’ series present a minimalist portrait of individuals living in London. The main aesthetic quality of these images is precisely rooted in the isolation of the people and the quirky, yet somber ambience of their surroundings. For instance, one photograph ‘

Analyze one week of world economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Analyze one week of world economy - Essay Example For Instance, Shares in the US fell to about 1.6% with those in China dropping to 2.1% (FXSreet n.p). Essentially, the US economy in the last week had a negative economic index after weeks of positive show in the market. The -4 index manifest in the world largest economy is still the best in many years after the 2008 recession. The US economy has in the past week suffered significantly with numbers dropping in key sectors of the economy effectively slowing growth. The snow and bad weather has been sighted as one of the negative consequences weighing down on the US economy in recent weeks. The labor market registered lower work rates with a significant number of people filing for unemployment benefits. Despite the numerous challenges experienced in the last week, the stock market was bully on 5th registering positive indices. Though the Japanese economy gained the most among the world largest economies, the EU remained extensively versatile and bullish. The rate of inflation registered a negative value in the last week with unemployment falling significantly. The monetary regime in the EU has remained relatively stable to the dollar effectively making the banks to lower the interest rates. Japan was bullish in the market based on a number of fundamental facts (FXSreet n.p). To begin with, The Japanese economy registered a fall in the rate of inflation, though not to the expected levels. The low oil markets impacted positively to the market with most of the prices falling. While the Chinese president announced of the intentions to grow the economy by 7%, various departments of the economy recorded negative numbers with the overall impact being 2.1% (Economic Calendar n.p). The rate of inflation was high with unemployment rates remaining on a downward trend. It is imperative to note that the Chinese market has suffered a number of setbacks and going by the

Diversity in Law Enforcement Annotated Bibliography

Diversity in Law Enforcement - Annotated Bibliography Example people belonging to different races and working in law enforcement agencies and to identify the various strategies that are being used by these agencies in order to attract as well as hire individuals belonging to different races in law enforcement agencies. The researchers identified that there is a lack of communication between the recruiters of law enforcement agencies and institutions that belong to racial minorities and they even identified that lower level of information is being supplied to racial minority communities and their institutions. The research article titled â€Å"Gay men in the police: identity disclosure and management issues† was authored by Rumens et al. and published during the period of 2012 (Rumens, 2012). The purpose of this research article was to focus on the research conducted to identify the ways individuals belonging to the LGBT groups were managed when they disclosed that they were gay or lesbian. The researchers identified that police officers who belonged to the LGBT group did not face difficulties in disclosing their sexual orientation and were looking for ways to disclose this information. The research even states that disclosed identities can be managed well in organizations that follow an open culture. The researchers conclude that it is quite difficult for gay police officers to integrate in an organization where masculinity is valued and empowered. Sadler, M. S., Correll, J., Park, B., & Judd, C. M. (June 01, 2012). The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context.  Journal of Social Issues,  68,  2, 286-313. The research titled â€Å"The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context: was authored by Sadler et al (Sadler, 2012). The purpose of this research was to identify the racial biasness that is experienced by police officers while they make the decision of shooting or not shooting possible offenders. The researchers identified

Characteristics of Business Leadership Term Paper - 1

Characteristics of Business Leadership - Term Paper Example The Byte shop purchased their first fully assembled computer. It is here that the Apple Corporation became founded. The name was based on Jobs favorite fruit and the logo selected to play on the name of the company and the word byte (Lee, 2001). His highly innovative ideas of personal computers took him into changing the software industry and computer hardware. His invention changed the people idea of a Pc from a huge mass of vacuum tubes used by giant corporations to a small item used by the ordinary people. His development of the software for the Macintosh brought the use of windows interface and use of mouse that set a bar for all interface in software application (Halliday, 2003). One significant challenge Apple faces is Jobs himself. Majority of people believe he is Apple, and he has attracted a devotion of followers better known as the Mac faithful and recently the iphone and iPod fanatics. He is like a secular messiah to his followers and a cult leader to his competitors. The unmatched record of Apple’s products got found under his leadership and whose desire for sleek gadgets is unique in the business world (Halliday, 2003). The markets also are hyper about Jobs. To the world whenever he became faced with sickness the Apple share prices decline. The shares of the company significantly dropped by as much as 10 percent after the announcement of his medical leave. Rumors’ were also said that the company would be sued by its investors, who were unhappy with it’s about face on the health of its chief executive. Investors complained that the company was slow to tell about Steve Job’s honest medical status, and to incorporate a succession plan after his treatment of cancer. This is because of his influential role in vetting the organizations future designs (Lee, 2001). The other challenge was the lack of product blockbusters that will excite Apple lovers. Analysts believe that the company has no announcement to

Analyze one week of world economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Analyze one week of world economy - Essay Example For Instance, Shares in the US fell to about 1.6% with those in China dropping to 2.1% (FXSreet n.p). Essentially, the US economy in the last week had a negative economic index after weeks of positive show in the market. The -4 index manifest in the world largest economy is still the best in many years after the 2008 recession. The US economy has in the past week suffered significantly with numbers dropping in key sectors of the economy effectively slowing growth. The snow and bad weather has been sighted as one of the negative consequences weighing down on the US economy in recent weeks. The labor market registered lower work rates with a significant number of people filing for unemployment benefits. Despite the numerous challenges experienced in the last week, the stock market was bully on 5th registering positive indices. Though the Japanese economy gained the most among the world largest economies, the EU remained extensively versatile and bullish. The rate of inflation registered a negative value in the last week with unemployment falling significantly. The monetary regime in the EU has remained relatively stable to the dollar effectively making the banks to lower the interest rates. Japan was bullish in the market based on a number of fundamental facts (FXSreet n.p). To begin with, The Japanese economy registered a fall in the rate of inflation, though not to the expected levels. The low oil markets impacted positively to the market with most of the prices falling. While the Chinese president announced of the intentions to grow the economy by 7%, various departments of the economy recorded negative numbers with the overall impact being 2.1% (Economic Calendar n.p). The rate of inflation was high with unemployment rates remaining on a downward trend. It is imperative to note that the Chinese market has suffered a number of setbacks and going by the

Characteristics of Business Leadership Term Paper - 1

Characteristics of Business Leadership - Term Paper Example The Byte shop purchased their first fully assembled computer. It is here that the Apple Corporation became founded. The name was based on Jobs favorite fruit and the logo selected to play on the name of the company and the word byte (Lee, 2001). His highly innovative ideas of personal computers took him into changing the software industry and computer hardware. His invention changed the people idea of a Pc from a huge mass of vacuum tubes used by giant corporations to a small item used by the ordinary people. His development of the software for the Macintosh brought the use of windows interface and use of mouse that set a bar for all interface in software application (Halliday, 2003). One significant challenge Apple faces is Jobs himself. Majority of people believe he is Apple, and he has attracted a devotion of followers better known as the Mac faithful and recently the iphone and iPod fanatics. He is like a secular messiah to his followers and a cult leader to his competitors. The unmatched record of Apple’s products got found under his leadership and whose desire for sleek gadgets is unique in the business world (Halliday, 2003). The markets also are hyper about Jobs. To the world whenever he became faced with sickness the Apple share prices decline. The shares of the company significantly dropped by as much as 10 percent after the announcement of his medical leave. Rumors’ were also said that the company would be sued by its investors, who were unhappy with it’s about face on the health of its chief executive. Investors complained that the company was slow to tell about Steve Job’s honest medical status, and to incorporate a succession plan after his treatment of cancer. This is because of his influential role in vetting the organizations future designs (Lee, 2001). The other challenge was the lack of product blockbusters that will excite Apple lovers. Analysts believe that the company has no announcement to

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay Task: How does the novel present Pips relationship with Magwitch, when he meets him in the graveyard and later when Magwitch returns form abroad to see Pip?  Great Expectations is a novel that is set in the late 1860s, in Victorian society, during the start up of the industrial revolution, which was speedily changing society. In chapter 1 of Great Expectations, the reader meets a young boy, Phillip Pirrip, although he is known as Pip, due to the reason that he cant pronounce his full name. The fact that this issue is introduced to the reader right at the beginning of the story, and that the story is narrated by Pip and his own voice, is attention grabbing; his youthful innocence and naivety is interesting, and immediately gets the reader close to the character. Dickens introduces Pip at a graveyard, where he sets the scene. Pip is visiting the graves of his deceased family, trying to find his identity as well as remind himself and imagine what his parents looked like. Pip is an image of vulnerability, and this is a target for ambiguity to come. Dickens does not state that Pip is an orphan; instead he allows his powerful use of words to demonstrate this. My first fancies regarding what they were like, were reasonably derived from their tombstones. The shape of the letters on my fathers, gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair Also Georgina wife of above, I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. Dickens introduces Pips childish imagination into the sequence. Dickens implies that Victorian life and society was like this; there were masses of orphans, like Pip, due to numerous epidemics sweeping the nation, diseases like cholera and smallpox which were rife, and regarded as a universal struggle, this resulted in high mortality rates. You were generally considered lucky if you survived the high mortality rates. The involvement of this fact early on shows that death, and poverty was an everyday occurrence; it wasnt an unusual nature, hence the matter of fact writing. The weather in this scene creates a solemn yet dramatic tone. A negative pattern exhibiting raging storms, adding to the bleak and cold winters day atmosphere is vividly painted. It is a gloomy Christmas Eves day. Pip ventures out into these eerie unknowns, which later on prove to be a symbol that his life is going to change drastically too, where peril and ambiguity await. This also reinforces Pips perception on his situation. While Pip is attempting to bring up recollections at the graveyard, he is surprised by an escaped convict who jumps out rather cynically, from a savage lair, among the looming mists and graves, scaring Pip. The opposite usage of some comedy, at the beginning, and a sharp dramatic twist is attention grabbing. A contrasting backdrop, on to which the messages of the tale can unfold, is created. The reader can tell that the mysterious man is a convict because of the way he is described. His condition is in disarray because of the poor living conditions in the hulks. They were overcrowded, leading to diseases that ended up killing many of the prisoners, and there was malnutrition from poor food. Hard labour was primed everyday too. He has escaped from prison and the hulks (old ships moored on the coast), whilst awaiting exile (to penal colonies in Australia) for 14 years hard labour. (Returning before the end of his term he will face execution). A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. This gives us an insight into the harsh conditions that were faced by prisoners during these times. This plight is shown further more; by the way this convict- Abel Magwitch is portrayed ferociously and pathetically. The harsh and unjust judicial system at the time was the cause of this. Forging banknotes (like Magwitch had done) carried the same penalty as murder! Criminals were brutalised. They were not given chances to reform, instead faced beatings, as forms of punishment. At least 10 hours of daily hard labour was forced on prisoners. Soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briarsand glared and growled. Dickens gives Magwitch with animal like qualities, and so we are provided with a greater understanding that he is at the end of his tether. He is a human that has literally been weathered, like a mere object. A man with no hat and with broken shoessoaked in water, smothered by mud, and lamedlimped and shivered. Magwitch is desperate. This is shown by the way he speaks to Pip aggressively, and threatens him keep still you little devil, and also by the way he roughly handles Pip. The man, after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside down and emptied my pockets. When he tips Pip upside down a piece of bread falls out of his pockets. Magwitch scurries towards this. He ate the bread ravenously. The reader is reminded of his desperate, animal like status, and his plight. The tentative weather mirrors Magwitchs character-a vast wilderness in the vein of a storm, which rushes into Pips life, suddenly, causing an upheaval of ambiguity like disturbance. Dickens tries to connect the characters with a descriptive background, to create a realistic character, building up a reinforced feeling to the passage, which ties in with characters personalities. Upon discovering that Pip lives with Joe- who is a black smith, Magwitch continues to act aggressively towards Pip, as he is useful to him. He makes a threatening demand. You get me a fileYou get me wittlesYou bring them both to meor Ill have your heart and liver out. He continues to threaten Pip, telling him that he can even be hurt in his own home if he betrays the convict. He tells Pip that he is not alone, and if he gets caught then the man along side Magwitch will attack him. A boy may lock his door, may be warm in bed but that young man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him openin comparison with which I am a angel. Pip is petrified. The prospect of this occurring (made worse by his youthful innocence), has given way to the sensation of helplessness that clearly covers him. His eyes looked most powerfully into mine, and mine looked most powerfully up into his. This highlights a key detail of status/position that will be seen in depth throughout the story; its a running thread for which it is a major theme. This is the first landmark of Magwitch and Pips relationship. It is one of intimidation, and fear.

Modified Radical Mastectomy for Contralateral Breast Cancer

Modified Radical Mastectomy for Contralateral Breast Cancer Abstract Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. With improving survival figures and early breast cancer detection, treatment related long term adverse effects of radiotherapy have become a concern. Contralateral breast cancer due to scatter radiation from during radiotherapy of diseased breast is one of them. This prospective clinical study was conducted to measure the dose received by the contralateral breast and compare the different techniques which influence this dose. It was found that in post mastectomy patients, treatment with telecobalt medial tangential field contribute more dose to contralateral breast compared to supraclavicular field and lateral tangential fields. The mean dose received by contralateral breast during irradiation of chest wall was 168.29 cGy which 3.36 percentage of the prescribed dose. Key Words; contralateral breast dose, breast malignancy, thermoluminescent disc, scattered radiation Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among the women worldwide. [1] With improved survival figures due to early breast cancer detection and multimodality treatment, long term adverse effects in the form of second malignancy of contralateral breast (CLB) has become a concern. In patients getting radiotherapy to the affected breast, CLB also receives radiation in the form of scattered radiation due to scattered from primary. Second malignancy is a late sequel of radiation appearing at an interval of 10-15 years. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] Since breast is highly radiosensitive structure this dose to CLB is a major concern especially in younger women and patients with longer life expectancy. Although radiation induced malignancy is a stochastic effect but the intensity increases linearly with increase in dose. [8] Studies have measured CLB dose on phantom and patients and have observed that the dose to CLB is more for medial tangential (MT) than supraclavicular field (SCL) field and later al tangential (LT) field. In our centre 22% of female patients are suffering from breast cancer and majority of them belong to low socio economic status and presented with advanced disease. In the present study we measure the dose to CLB in patients receiving radiotherapy following modified radical mastectomy (MRM). The radiation dose to CLB were measured with the help of CaSO4: Dy thermoluminescent discs (TLD). The TLD are highly sensitivity and can measure even very small doses. Materials and methods Measurement of CLB was done in 25 patients undergoing for EBRT by cobalt teletherapy machine (THERATRON 780 C and E) following MRM. Precalibrated TLD (9mmÃâ€"13mm) were placed on the surface of CLB. Total three discs were placed one at the nipple and other vertically on either side of nipple 3 cm apart. We tried our best to place the TLD on the same position each time. Skin tattooing was done to demarcate the exact position at the first sitting and this was used subsequently to replicate the position. After delivery of radiation dose for a particular field the discs were removed and another set of three discs were placed for next reading. In this way total six discs were used daily, three for SCL field and three for MT or LT field as MT and LT fields were treated on alternate days and SCL field was treated daily. For MT and LT fields breast cone was used for half beam block. Total dose delivered was 50 Gy in 25 fractions, 2 Gy per fraction, 5 fractions per week in 5 weeks. The expos ed TLD were stored in radiation free zone and the readings were taken after 24 hours and within 7 days after exposure because after seven days the TLD start to loose electrons. The scattered dose received by TLD were measured on NUCLEONIX TL 10091 TLD reader. After one set of measurement, the discs were annealed by heating 400 degree celcius and then used for next measurement. For each patient, measurements were carried out at first week, third week and last week, total three times during the course of treatment. Statistical Analysis Mean dose calculation received by CLB. Total dose received by CLB, this was calculated by multiplication of mean dose to number of fractions. The percentage of radiation dose received by CLB with respect to the prescribed dose to diseased breast (Total doseÃâ€" 100 / prescribed dose to diseased breast). We also stratified data based on gantry angle at which EBRT was delivered (≠¤50 degree and > 50 degree). The statistical software SPSS version 20.0 was used for the data analysis. Results The age wise distribution of patients and the mean dose received by CLB is shown in table 1. 19 out of 25 patients in our study were 50 years or younger. 52% patients had left sided breast cancer. Table 2 shows the contribution of SCL, MT and LT field dose with the gantry angle at which the radiation dose was delivered. Total dose received by CLB varies from 1.22% to 5.82% of the prescribed dose of 50 Gy to the affected breast. Mean total dose received by CLB was 105.55 cGy with MT field followed by SCL field, (33.96 cGy) and LT field {(28.97 cGy) as shown in table 2. This data shows that the maximum contribution of dose to CLB was with MT field followed by SCL field and LT field. Mean dose with all three fields received by CLB was 168.48 cGy with SD  ±62.23 which corresponds to 3.36% of prescribed dose to affected breast. 11 patients were treated on cobalt unit with gantry angle ≠¤ 50 degree having 3.00% contribution of CLB dose (table 3). 14 patients treated with gantry angl e > 50 degree had 3.79% contribution of CLB dose (p=0.199). The mean, median and range were 3.66, 3.34 and 4.60 respectively. Discussion It is well known that exposure to ionizing radiation causes carcinogenesis in healthy tissues. Although it is a stochastic effect having no threshold dose but the intensity increases with increase in radiation dose. CLB must be considered as an organ at risk during radiotherapy planning for treatment of cancer breast. Many previous studies conducted to calculate the dose received by CLB, were based on patients, phantom or treatment planning system. Boice et al analyzed the record of 41109 patients of cancer breast and they found the mean CLB dose was 2.82 Gy. [9] They also hypothesized that there was increased relative risk of CLB malignancy due to exposure to ionization given to diseased breast. The relative risk was 1.19 for all patients, however the relative risk was more (1.49) for younger patients who were less than 45 years old. In our study, the maximum dose received by CLB in women below 40 years which was 3.93 percentage (196.437 cGy) of prescribed dose. The minimal dose was received in patients who were above 60 years of age {(1.96 %) (97.875 cGy)}. The possible reason could be the increased laxity of breast tissues in older women cause more lateral shifting of CLB away from the radiation at the time of exposure. Half beam block technique is routinely used while irradiating the breast with tangential beams. [10, 11] Kelly et al measured CLB dose on Alderson Rando phantom using TLD with four different techniques of breast cancer treatment using 6 MV photon beam on linear accelerator. [12] The used half beam block with asymmetrical jaws, custom blocks and symmetrical collimator jaw. Another technique used was isocentric method with non divergent posterior border. They observed highest dose to CLB in MT field with wedge. In our study radiation was delivered using half beam block with breast cone. The dose to CLB was maximum with MT field because in half block beam, the breast cone is placed near to surface of breast which cause increased dose due to secondary collimator scattering. Bhatnagar et al compared dose to CLB during EBRT to chest wall irradiation using conventional tangential technique and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). [13] They observed 20 percentage reduction of dose to CLB using IMRT. According to a study by Chougule, the average contralateral nipple dose was 152.5-254.75 cGy and the percentage was 3.05-6.05% for a dose of 5000 cGy in 25 fractions for post mastectomy breast cancer. [14] In our study, the measured mean contralateral nipple dose on was 171.88 cGy (55.5-303.80 cGy) which accounts to 3.47% (1.11%-6.07%) of prescribed dose (table 2). Dose to CLB were higher for dose calculated at the level of nipple as compared to dose received by whole CLB. This may be due to TLD at level of nipple being closest to the radiation source. According to Rankel et al with high gantry angle the beam will be closer to the surface leading higher dose to the CLB. [15] In this study, it was found that with gantry angle >50 °, more dose was delivered to the CLB though the difference is not statistically significant (p=0.199). Conclusion In our patient cohort, higher inadvertent CLB dose was delivered in younger patients with MT field; overall, dose being 3.36 percentage of prescribed dose.